Table of Contents
Front Matter
Table of Contents
Section 1. Keynote Address
1. A Carpenter's Journey through Forty Years of Underground Mining, Leaders and Leading
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Up the Mine
1.3 19 Level ZC
1.4 Getting into Fifty-One Party and Trackless Mining
1.5 Leaders
1.6 Time to Move
1.7 Bougainville
1.8 Back Home
1.9 Time to Move, Again!
1.10 Currawang and Cowely Hills Mines
1.11 Kanowna Belle
1.12 Northparkes
1.13 E48 Block Cave
1.14 Copper Projects
1.15 Coal Mining
1.16 Reflections
Section 2. Application and Evolution of Mining Methods
2. The Use of the Main Ramp as a Mine Exhaust at the Kencana Mine, Indonesia
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Potential Solutions to the Problem
2.2.1 Reasons for Reversing the Primary Ventilation System
2.2.2 Other Mines That Use the Surface Ramp as an Exhaust
2.2.3 Methods of Operating the System
2.2.4 Potential Problems in Reversing the Mine Ventilation
2.2.5 Transitional Problems in Reversing the Mine Ventilation
2.3 Case Study at Kencana Mine - Outcasting the Main Portal and Operating the Main Ramp as an Exhaust
2.3.1 Implementation Issues
2.4 Summary, Results and Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
3. Strip and Line versus Blind Sink Shaft Sinking - The Ernest Henry Decision
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Outline of Shaft Sinking Methods
3.2.1 Raise Bore, Strip and Line
3.2.1.1 Raise Boring
3.2.1.2 Shaft Collar Foundations
3.2.1.3 Presinking
3.2.1.4 Headframe Construction
3.2.1.5 Strip and Line
3.2.1.6 Shaft Fit Out and Commissioning
3.2.2 Blind Sink
3.2.2.1 Full Face Wedge Cut
3.2.2.2 Benching
3.2.2.3 Full Face Burn Cuts
3.2.3 Large Diameter Raise Boring
3.3 Evaluation of Methods
3.3.1 Sinking Winders
3.3.2 Headframe
3.3.3 The Sinking Process
3.3.3.1 Drilling Cycle
3.3.3.2 Charging, Blasting and Re-Entry
3.3.3.3 Making Safe and Mucking
3.3.3.4 Shaft Lining
3.3.3.5 Cover Drilling
3.3.4 Sinking Equipment Maintenance
3.3.5 Schedule
3.3.5.1 Pumping Critical Path
3.3.5.2 Decline Critical Path
3.3.6 Cost
3.4 The Ernest Henry Mine Decision
3.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
4. Development of the Presink System for Raise Boring at Xstrata Copper's Mount Isa Copper Operations
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Development of the Presink System for Raise Boring at Xstrata Copper's Mount Isa Copper Operations
4.2.1 Standard Industry Practice
4.2.2 Mount Isa Copper Operations Presink System
4.3 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
5. Ernest Henry Underground Mine - Access and Support Infrastructure Design
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Mine Method Selection and Production Rate
5.2 General Mine Design
5.2.1 Mine Access
5.2.2 Production Operations
5.2.3 Ventilation
5.2.4 Workshop
5.3 Ore Handling
5.3.1 Trucking Phase
5.3.2 Shaft Hoisting Phase
5.3.2.1 Orepasses
5.3.2.2 Transfer Levels
5.3.2.3 Crushing and Conveying
5.3.2.4 Hoisting
5.4 Dewatering
5.4.1 Pumping Systems
5.4.1.1 Surface Storm Water
5.4.1.2 Underground Storm Water
5.4.1.3 Duty Dewatering
5.4.1.4 Active Ground Water
5.4.2 Dewatering Development and Sumpage
5.4.2.1 Level Drainage
5.4.2.2 Emergency Water Storage
5.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
6. Unique Coal Mine Drift Construction Method
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Drift Construction Equipment System
6.2.1 Roadheader Modifications
6.2.2 Shotcrete Boom Details
6.2.3 Roofbolting Boom Details
6.2.4 Survey Guidance System
6.2.5 Excavated Material Handling System
6.2.6 Sliding Floor and Ventilation System
6.2.7 Precast Floor System
6.3 Project Construction Activity Scheduling
6.3.1 Fibrecrete and Roof Bolt Installation in Parallel with Sliding Floor Nib and Precast Panel Blinding Installation
6.3.2 Vent Duct Installation in Parallel with Roof Bolting
6.3.3 Conveyor Boot End Relocation and Sliding Floor Advance in Parallel with Roof Bolting
6.3.4 Precast Invert Installation in Parallel with Excavation
6.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
7. The Development of 'Radial-in-Reef' Stoping at the Tasmania Gold Mine, Beaconsfield, Tasmania
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Geology and Setting
7.3 Mining Methods
7.3.1 Previous Methods
7.4 Radial-in-Reef Stoping
7.4.1 Radial-in-Reef - Overview
7.4.2 Radial-in-Reef - Seismic Hazard Management
7.4.3 Radial-in-Reef - Development and Layout Detail
7.4.4 Radial-in-Reef - Drill and Blast Overview
7.4.5 Radial-in-Reef - Extraction
7.4.6 Radial-in-Reef - Surveying
7.4.7 Radial-in-Reef - Backfilling
7.4.8 Radial-in-Reef - Stope Performance
7.4.9 Radial-in-Reef - Scheduling and Global Issues
7.5 Discussion and Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
8. Mining Reconciliation in Long Hole Open Stopes at George Fisher Mine
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Problem Identification and Analysis
8.3 Changing Operational Practices
8.3.1 Drill Hole Deviation
8.3.2 Equipment Defects
8.3.3 Wrong Emulsion Rig Set-up
8.3.4 Misconception about Blowing Out Holes for Emulsion
8.3.5 Modification of Shots by Ring Firers
8.3.6 Not Closing the Feedback Loop to Design Engineers
8.4 Investigation into Toe Firings
8.4.1 Non-Recovery of Toes
8.4.2 Identified That Problem Starts at Cut-off Slot
8.4.3 Cross-Cut
8.4.4 Taking Trough Undercuts
8.4.5 Shoulder Firings
8.4.6 Easer Ring
8.4.7 Three Holes Both Sides
8.4.8 Onion Peeling
8.4.9 Two Holes Both Sides with Onion Peeling
8.4.10 Timing
8.5 Results
8.6 Conclusions
8.7 Recommendations
8.7.1 Equipment Maintenance and Application
8.7.2 Ensure Drilling Collaring is Correct
8.7.3 Ensure Rings are Drilled at an Angle Higher Than Fifty-Five Degrees
8.7.4 Proper Stope Preparation
8.7.5 Re-Drill Where Deviation is Too Much
8.7.6 Follow Engineer's Blast Designs
8.7.7 Follow Sequence of Designed Shots without Modifications
8.7.8 Timing
8.7.9 Adhere to Mucking Instructions
Acknowledgements
References
9. Resue Mining with eDev^TM Electronic Detonators at Stawell Gold Mines
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Geology
9.3 Mining Technique
9.3.1 Other Alternatives Considered
9.3.2 Traditional Resue Mining
9.3.3 Technical Solutions
9.3.4 System Overview
9.3.4.1 Results
9.3.4.2 Identified Points of Concern Critical for Success
9.3.4.3 Identified Improvements to Customer Needs Specification
9.3.4.4 Demonstrated Benefits
9.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
10. Construction of the Seven Thousand Tonne per Day - Big Gossan Production Shaft
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Engineering and Shaft Design
10.3 Shaft Excavation Methodology
10.4 Shaft Sinking Plant
10.5 Shaft Excavation
10.6 Shaft Equipping
10.7 Shaft Commissioning
10.8 Challenges and Resolutions
10.9 Project Safety
10.10 Summary
10.11 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
11. Trident Underground Gold Mine - The First Three Years
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Discovery History
11.3 Geology and Resource
11.4 Mine Development and Decline Design
11.5 Production Stoping
11.5.1 Western Zone Open Stopes
11.5.2 Athena Stoping
11.5.3 Apollo Stoping
11.6 Backfill System
11.7 Mining Contract
11.8 Technical Personnel
11.9 Conclusion
12. Developing the Ridgeway Deeps Project with an Operations Attitude
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Operational and Project Synergies
12.2.1 Advantages
12.2.2 Disadvantages
12.3 Operating Restructuring
12.4 Training Strategy
12.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
13. Use of a Crane Mounted Auger for Presink Construction at Fosterville Gold Mine
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Harrier Vent Shaft
13.2.1 Location
13.2.2 Community Impact
13.2.3 Preliminary Work
13.2.4 Point Load Testing
13.2.5 Proposed Methods
13.3 Methodology
13.3.1 Piling Contractor Method
13.3.1.1 Overview
13.3.1.2 Mobilisation and Site Setup
13.3.1.3 Shaft Excavation
13.3.2 Shaft Support
13.3.2.1 History and Capabilities
13.3.2.2 Rig Setup and Spraying
13.4 Results and Performance
13.4.1 Safety and Community
13.4.2 Timing
13.4.3 Costs
13.4.4 Quality Control
13.5 Lessons Learnt and Future Applications
13.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
14. Mine Shafts - Planning, Optimising and Constructing
14.1 Introduction
14.2 The Owner's View - Why Choose a Shaft and How to Maximise its Value
14.2.1 The Changing Way in which We Work - Implications for Shaft Sinking
14.2.2 What is a Shaft?
14.2.3 Why Sink a Shaft?
14.3 Shaft Constructability
14.3.1 Recent Shaft Construction in Australia
14.3.2 Shaft Sinking Methods
14.3.2.1 Blind Sinking
14.3.2.2 Strip and Line
14.3.3 Components of Shaft Sink
14.3.3.1 Preliminary Design, Tender and Schedule
14.3.3.2 Engineering Design and Drafting
14.3.3.3 Risk Assessment and Procurement
14.3.3.4 Presink
14.3.3.5 Mobilisation and Establishment
14.3.3.6 Planning and Mobilisation Timeline
14.3.3.7 Shaft Sinking
14.3.3.8 Off-Shaft Excavation
14.3.3.9 Shaft Equipping
14.3.3.10 Changeover to Permanent Configuration
14.3.3.11 Commissioning
14.3.4 Shaft Constructability
14.3.4.1 Headframe Selection
14.3.4.2 Winder and Kibble Selection
14.3.4.3 Drill and Blast Equipment
14.3.4.4 Mucking Equipment
14.3.4.5 Sinking Stage
14.4 When to Consider a Shaft?
14.4.1 When is a Shaft the Preferred Option?
14.4.2 Shaft Constructability Impacting on Size and Cost
14.4.3 Shaft Operability Necessitates a High Standard of Engineering
14.5 Value Optimisation and Flexibility
14.5.1 Define Functional Support Requirements for the Mine
14.5.2 Identify which Functions Can Efficiently Be Incorporated into the Shaft Design
14.5.3 Ensure Critical Sundry Services are Incorporated in the Design Process
14.5.4 Utilise the Asset
14.6 Operating Flexibility
14.6.1 Define an Operating Window for Each Major Function
14.6.2 Understand the Step Changes in Capital and Operating Performance
14.7 Six Steps to an Optimum Shaft
14.8 Learnings
Acknowledgements
References
15. Fast, Safe and Fully Mechanised Installation of High-Tensile Chain-Link Mesh for Underground Support
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Roll Mesh Handler
15.3 High-Tensile Chain-Link Mesh as a Surface Support in Rock Burst Prone Ground Conditions
15.3.1 TECCO® G80/4
15.3.2 DELTAX® G80/2
15.3.3 Corrosion Protection
15.3.4 Width of Mesh Adaptable to Advance Length Maximum Five Metres or Lifting Limit of the Jumbo
15.3.5 High-Tensile Chain Link Mesh Does Not Unravel
15.3.6 Blast Resistance of the TECCO®/DELTAX®
15.3.7 Spike Plates Used
15.3.8 Examples of Underground Applications
15.4 Golden Grove Trial
15.4.1 A Need for Yielding Support
15.4.2 Trial Sites
15.4.3 Time and Motion Study
15.4.4 General Experience
15.5 Costs Comparison Welded Mesh, High-Tensile Chain Link Mesh and Shotcrete
15.5.1 Installation Time Difference between Systems
15.5.2 Cost Bases
15.5.3 Conclusions: Advantages and Disadvantages
15.5.3.1 TECCO 4 mm versus Shotcrete
15.5.3.2 DELTAX 3 mm versus Weld Mesh
15.6 Conclusions
15.6.1 The Bottom Line
References
16. Implementing and Improving the Mine Plan at the Mt Wright Project
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Stage 1 - Feasibility Sublevel Open Stoping
16.2.1 Mining Sequence and Filling
16.2.1.1 Backfilling
16.2.1.2 Stope Stability
16.3 Stage 2 - Sublevel Open Stoping Version 2
16.3.1 Contained Moisture
16.3.2 Stress Orientation
16.3.3 Sublevel Open Stoping Version 2 Layout
16.3.3.1 Smaller Open Stopes
16.3.4 Geology and Resource Drilling
16.3.4.1 Identifying Gold through Visual Inspections
16.3.4.2 Locating and Reconciling the Gold
16.4 Stage 3 - Bench Stopes
16.4.1 Layout and Scheduling
16.4.1.1 Stress and Sequencing
16.4.1.2 Pillar Locations to Eliminate Cemented Fill
16.4.1.3 Cost and Recovery
16.5 Stage 4 - Sublevel Shrinkage with Continuous Fill
16.5.1 The Sublevel Shrinkage Concept
16.5.1.1 Sequencing and Scheduling
16.5.1.2 Possible Threats
16.5.1.3 Opportunities and Advantages
16.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
17. Development of the Ernest Henry Underground Mine - The Challenges and the Solutions
17.1 Introduction
17.2 External Factors
17.2.1 Mine Planning
17.2.1.1 The Study Process
17.2.1.2 Decline Design
17.2.2 Delay in Investment Decision
17.2.3 Change in Investment Decision
17.2.4 Resource Super Profits Tax Suspension
17.3 Underground Development Progress
17.3.1 Development of the Portal Area November 2007 to February 2008
17.3.2 Stage 1 Development
17.3.2.1 Independent Firing March 2008
17.3.2.2 Development Rates
17.3.3 Ventilation Development
17.3.3.1 Stage 1
17.3.3.2 Stage 2
17.3.3.3 Stage 3
17.4 Management of Water Events
17.4.1 Ungrouted Diamond Drill Holes and Rain Events
17.4.2 Pit Water Level - Cessation of Pit Pumping
17.4.3 Ground Water - Grout Injection
17.4.4 Risk Management - Water Inflows to the Mine
17.5 Other Influences on the Mine
17.5.1 Damage to the Underground Mine by Pit Blast Vibrations
17.5.2 Interactions between the Underground and Open Pit Workforces
17.5.2.1 Introduction of Underground Personnel to the Pit Environment
17.5.2.2 Alignment of Pit Blasts
17.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
18. Starting-up the Ernest Henry Underground Mine - Thermal and Occupational Hygiene Challenges
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Design Criteria
18.2.1 Queensland Statutory Requirements
18.2.2 Exposure Limits
18.2.2.1 General Contaminants
18.2.2.2 Diesel Particulate Matter Ventilation Rates
18.2.3 Working in Heat
18.2.4 Radiation Exposure
18.3 Primary Airflow Requirements
18.3.1 Capital Development
18.3.2 Production Levels
18.3.3 Composite Airflow Demand
18.3.4 Main Fan Selection
18.3.5 Secondary Ventilation Layout
18.4 Ventilation Network Modelling
18.4.1 Circuit Optimisation
18.4.2 Refrigeration
18.5 Network Design
18.5.1 Network Summary
18.5.2 Primary Ventilation Circuit Development
18.5.2.1 Initial Development
18.5.2.2 Primary Development at the Halfway Mark
18.5.2.3 Primary Development almost Completed and Hoisting Shaft about to be Commissioned
18.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
19. Perimeter Control Utilising Electronic Detonators at Mount Wright Mine
19.1 Introduction
19.2 System Overview
19.2.1 Methodology
19.2.2 Equipment
19.2.2.1 VRMesh^TM
19.2.2.2 Shotplus T^TM
19.2.2.3 Callidus^TM Laser Scanner
19.2.3 Survey of the 'As-Drilled' Perimeter Blast Holes
19.3 Data Collection and Analysis
19.3.1 Laser Scanning of the 'As-Blasted' Void
19.3.2 Measurement of Cast Rates
19.3.3 Measurement of Advance
19.3.4 Analysis of Solids
19.3.5 Timing Designs for Blasting
19.3.5.1 Long Period Delay Design Used in Control Cuts 0 - 2
19.3.5.2 e-Dev^TM Design Used in Cut 3
19.3.5.3 e-Dev^TM Design Used in Cuts 4 - 7
19.4 Results
19.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
20. Mining at the Redross and Mariners Nickel Mines
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Mobile Equipment Fleets
20.3 Mining at Redross
20.3.1 The Redross Orebody
20.3.2 Mining Methods
20.3.3 Cemented Aggregate and Cemented Rock Fill Pillars
20.3.4 Ore Development Using Split Firing
20.3.5 Redross Hand-Held Stoping Method
20.4 Mining at Mariners
20.4.1 The Mariners Orebody
20.4.2 Mariners Mine Dewatering System
20.4.3 Mining the N07 Orebody
20.4.4 Mining the N08 Orebody
20.4.5 Mining the N09 Orebody
20.5 Mining Database
Acknowledgements
References
Section 3. Geomechanics for General Practice
21. Simulation Aided Engineering - Integration of Monitoring, Modelling and Planning
21.1 Introduction
21.2 What is Simulation Aided Engineering?
21.2.1 Simulation Aided Engineering and Product Life Cycle Management
21.3 Simulation Aided Engineering in the Life Cycle of a Mine
21.3.1 Sufficiency Requirements for Simulation Aided Engineering Tools
21.3.2 Information Sharing - Collaborative, Three-Dimensional Workspaces
21.4 Benefits of Simulation Aided Engineering for Mining
21.5 Conclusions
References
22. Quality Control Aspects of Shotcrete in Mining - The Round Determinate Panel Test
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Material Properties
22.3 Test Rig
22.4 Conclusions and Recommendations
Acknowledgements
References
23. Case Study - Underhand Cut and Fill Stoping Using Cemented Tailings Paste Fill at the Lanfranchi Nickel Mine
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Geology
23.3 Geotechnical
23.4 Mine Design
23.4.1 Sequence and Method Optimisation
23.4.1.1 Long Hole Stoping
23.4.1.2 Increased Ore Drive Height
23.4.2 Ground Support
23.5 Paste Fill System
23.5.1 Paste Plant
23.5.2 Paste Delivery Line Reticulation
23.5.3 Paste Fill Materials
23.5.4 Paste Fill Design
23.5.4.1 Strength Requirements and Initial Test Work
23.5.5 Paste Barricade Design
23.6 Paste Fill Safety
23.6.1 Apprehension towards Mining Underneath Paste
23.6.2 Containment Zones and the Use of Cameras
23.6.3 Paste Filled Stopes Database
23.7 Mining Results
23.7.1 Geological Control of Primary Ore Drive Direction
23.7.2 Over-Break/Under-Break
23.8 Paste Filling Results
23.8.1 Tight Filling of Ore Drives
23.8.2 Paste Curing Time Frames
23.8.3 Paste Beams
23.8.4 Intersections and Spans Underneath Paste
23.8.5 Mining on Top of Paste
23.8.6 Flowability of Paste in an Ore Drive
23.9 Interesting Concepts and the Benefit of Experience
23.9.1 Sequencing
23.9.2 Mid-Strike Access Approach versus End Access
23.9.3 Hitting the Footwall Early
23.9.4 Inflatable Paste Walls
23.9.5 Use of Cold Joints
23.9.6 Long Hole Stoping
23.10 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
24. Ground Support Design and Application for Developing in Paste Fill at BHP Billiton - Cannington Mine
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Properties of Paste Fill Mass and Fibrecrete
24.3 Phase2 Modelling and Results
24.3.1 Model Set Up
24.3.2 Modelling Results
24.4 Modified Mining-Support Regimes and Performance
24.4.1 Modified Mining-Support Process
24.4.2 Performance of the Modified Support Standards
24.5 Conclusions and Future Work
Acknowledgements
References
25. Bored Reinforced Piles for Raise Bore Support - Four Case Studies and Guidelines Developed from Lessons Learnt
25.1 Introduction
25.2 The Bored Piles Strategy
25.2.1 Trident Gold Mine
25.2.2 Wattle Dam Gold Mine
25.2.3 Athena Gold Mine
25.3 Pile Design Guidelines
25.3.1 Bored Pile Number, Diameter and Positioning
25.3.1.1 Pile Number and Spacing
25.3.1.2 Diameter
25.3.1.3 Pile Verticality
25.3.2 Pile Reinforcement Options
25.3.3 Pregrouting
25.3.4 Shaft Cap
25.3.5 Stability of Piles after Reaming
25.4 Pile Construction Guidelines
25.4.1 Boring Method
25.4.2 Hole Position and Verticality Check
25.4.3 Grout Pour Method
25.4.4 Grout Volume and Composition
25.4.5 Cable Reinforcement Placement
25.4.6 Bored Pile Data Collection
25.5 Raiseboring Guidelines
25.6 Fibrecreting Guidelines
25.7 Conclusion
References
26. Fine-Tuning Raise Bore Stability Assessments and Risk
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Stress-Induced Fracturing
26.3 Stress Reduction Factor
26.4 Raise Diameter and Lower-Bound Qr versus Performance
26.5 Parameter Jw/SRF
26.6 Parameter Rock Quality Designation/Jn
26.7 Parameter Jr/Ja
26.8 Error in the Evaluation of Qr
26.9 Time-Dependent Raise Behaviour
26.10 Examples of Raise Performance
26.10.1 Case Numbers Nine and Ten - Porphyry-Copper-Gold Deposit
26.10.2 Case Numbers 11 and 14 - Base Metal Deposit in a High Grade Metamorphic Sequence
26.10.3 Case Number 39 - Carbonate-Hosted Base Metal Deposit
26.10.4 Case Number 40 - Hanging Wall Ultramafic at a Western Australian Nickel Mine
26.10.5 Case Number 23 - Saprolite Zone at a Western Australian Nickel Mine
26.11 Stand-up Times Determined by Bieniawski's Rock Mass Rating
26.12 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
27. What Have We Learnt about Managing Rock Burst Risks?
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Managing Rock Burst Risk
27.3 Reducing Seismic Risk Using Ground Support Systems
27.4 Reducing Seismic Risk Using Exclusion Zones
27.5 Conclusion
References
Section 4. Mine and Infrastructure Planning/Implementation
28. Alternative Underground Ore Transport Systems for the Jaguar Base Metal Deposit
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Haulage Systems and Application to the Jaguar Project
28.2.1 Conventional Underground Truck Haulage
28.2.1.1 Opening Size Required
28.2.2 Conveyor
28.2.3 Rigid Frame Trucks
28.2.4 Road Trains
28.2.5 Monorail
28.2.5.1 Opening Size
28.2.5.2 Loader
28.2.5.3 Monorail Capital Costs
28.2.5.4 Suitability for Jaguar
28.2.6 Shaft Hoisting
28.2.6.1 Overview
28.2.6.2 Operating Costs
28.2.6.3 Capital Costs
28.2.6.4 Suitability for Jaguar
28.2.7 Electric Trucks
28.2.7.1 Capital Cost
28.2.7.2 Operating Cost
28.2.8 Summary of Comparison of Alternatives for Jaguar Haulage
28.3 Financial Analysis
28.3.1 Base Data
28.3.2 Base Case - Jabiru Gas Power Generation
28.3.3 Diesel Power Generation
28.3.4 Cost Sensitivities
28.3.5 Ore Load and Haulage Costs
28.3.5.1 Base Case Jabiru Gas Power Generation
28.3.5.2 Diesel Power Generation
28.3.5.3 Major Components of Ore Haulage Cost Using Gas Power Generation
28.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
29. Improved Technology - Selection of a Suitable Underground Concrete Transport Vehicle
29.1 Introduction
29.2 History
29.3 Risk Assessments
29.3.1 Tyres
29.3.2 Brakes
29.3.3 Transmissions
29.3.4 Steering
29.3.5 Chassis
29.4 Key Findings and Considerations
29.5 Cost Analysis
29.6 Selection Process
29.7 Conclusions
29.8 Recommendations
Acknowledgments
References
30. A Comparison of Skip Loading Systems from an Operational, Maintenance, Safety and Capital Cost Estimate Perspective
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Shaft Loading Operation
30.2.1 Loading Flask System
30.2.2 Conveyor Loading System
30.2.3 Winder Cycle Comparison
30.3 Maintenance
30.3.1 Loading Flask System
30.3.2 Conveyor Loading System
30.4 Safety
30.4.1 Loading Flask System
30.4.2 Conveyor Loading System
30.5 Capital Cost Estimate
30.5.1 Loading Flask System
30.5.2 Conveyor Loading System
30.6 Comparison
Acknowledgements
References
Section 5. Sustainability
31. Sustainable Minerals Education - We Care, but Do You?
31.1 Introduction
31.1.1 Stakeholder Support for Minerals Education
31.1.1.1 Government Support?
31.1.1.2 University Support?
31.1.1.3 Mining Industry Support?
31.1.2 Supply of Mining Educators
31.1.3 Why Can't We Attract Young Bright Locals into Academia?
31.1.4 What Type of Graduate is Required by the Industry in 2010?
31.1.5 Innovations in Teaching and Learning
31.1.6 International Initiatives to Ensure Future Supply of Mining Engineers
31.1.6.1 Society of Mining Professors
31.1.6.2 Philippines
31.1.6.3 Thailand
31.1.6.4 Laos
31.1.6.5 Cambodia
31.1.6.6 Asia-Pacific Mining Education Network
31.1.7 The Growth of Postgraduate Education
31.1.8 Strategies to Address the Looming Crisis
31.2 Conclusions
References
32. Underground Mining and Water Management
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Key Water Systems Risks
32.2.1 Trends in Underground Mining and Implications for Water Management
32.2.2 Underground Mine Water Use and Management
32.2.3 Stable Isotopic Technique for Estimating Groundwater Inflows to Constrain Water Use Efficiency
32.2.4 Underground Mine Water Risks and Strategies
32.3 Conclusions
References
33. How Leadership Can Create an Enduring Safety Culture
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Safety Culture
33.3 Behaviours and Safety
33.4 Improving Safe Behaviour Observations
33.5 Leadership and Safety
33.6 The Leader's Toolkit
33.7 Measuring Leader's Behaviours
33.8 Production and Safety
33.9 Conclusions
References
Section 6. Technology and its Application
34. Benefits of Advanced Technology in Underground Mining
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Navigation Using the Total Station
34.3 Equipment Required to Navigate Using the Integrated Total Station
34.4 Preparations for Navigation When the Total Station is Fitted on the Tripod
34.5 Work Operation
34.6 In the Drill Rig's Cab
34.7 Profile Measurement with Scanner Mounted on the Drill Rig
34.8 Application Areas for the Tunnel Scanner
34.8.1 Display of the Underbreak and Overbreak
34.8.2 Reduced Need for Surveyors to Perform Simple Tasks
34.8.3 Thickness of Shotcrete
34.8.4 Navigation of the Drill Rig and Scanner
34.9 Fast Result
34.10 Equipment to be Able to Scan and Navigate with Atlas Copco Tunnel Profiler
34.11 Preparation
34.12 Scanning of Tunnel Profile
34.13 Location Using Tunnel Profiler
34.14 Measure while Drilling
34.15 Underground Production Data Communication
34.16 Experience from Using High Precision Tunnelling Equipment
34.17 Newcrest, Cadia East, Australia
34.18 Veidekke, Northen Link, Sweden
34.19 Outokumpu, Kemi, Finland
34.20 Östu-Stettin, Österberg Tunnel, Austria
Acknowledgements
35. Accurate Underground Wireless Ranging and Tracking
35.1 Introduction
35.2 Approaches to Tracking
35.2.1 Radio Frequency Identification
35.2.2 Angle of Arrival
35.2.3 Received Signal Strength
35.2.4 Time of Arrival
35.3 WASP System
35.3.1 Hardware
35.3.2 Data Communications
35.3.3 Algorithms
35.4 WASP Range Measurement Validation
35.4.1 Cable Test
35.4.2 Metal Building Test
35.4.3 Underground Mine Test
35.5 WASP Localisation
35.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
36. The Status of Implementation of Proximity Detection Systems in Underground Mines
36.1 Introduction
36.2 Digital Communications and Proximity Detection
36.2.1 Digital Communication and the Convergence of Technologies
36.2.2 Proximity Detection
36.2.2.1 The Need for a Proximity Detection System
36.2.2.2 The Most Important Requirement for an Effective Proximity Detection System
36.2.2.3 HazardAvert® System Components
36.2.2.4 HazardAvert® Installations
36.2.3 Proximity Detection and HazardAvert Activity in Australia
36.3 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
37. Case Study Comparison of Teleremote and Autonomous Assist Underground Loader Technology at the Kanowna Belle Mine
37.1 Introduction
37.2 Kanowna Belle Overview
37.3 Background
37.4 Data Collection and Analysis
37.4.1 Gear Use
37.4.2 Mode Utilisation
37.4.3 Teleremote and Copilot Motion
37.4.4 Productivity
37.4.4.1 Productivity - Stope Direct to Orepass
37.4.4.2 Productivity - Stope to Stockpile, Rehandle to Orepass
37.5 Other Measures of Value
37.6 Economic Assessment
37.7 Trial Learnings
37.8 Future Improvements
37.9 Conclusions
Acknowledgement
Author Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
J
K
L
M
N
P
R
S
T
U
V
W
