Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright
Preface
Contributing Authors
Reviewers
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
Brief Contents
Contents
PART I INTRODUCTION TOGONIOMETRY AND MUSCLE LENGTH TESTING
Chapter 1
Basic Concepts
Kinematics
Arthrokinematics
Osteokinematics
Planes and Axes
Range of Motion
Active Range of Motion
Passive Range of Motion
Hypomobility
Hypermobility
Factors Affecting Range of Motion
Muscle Length Testing
Chapter 2
Procedures
Positioning
Stabilization
Exercise 1 Determining the End of the Range of Motion and End-Feel
Measurement Instruments
Universal Goniometer
Exercise 2 The Universal Goniometer
Exercise 3 Goniometer Alignment for Elbow Flexion
Gravity-Dependent Goniometers (Inclinometers)
Exercise 4 Inclinometers
Exercise 5 Inclinometer Alignment for Cervical Rotation
Electrogoniometers
Radiography
Photography
Smartphones
Visual Estimation
Recording
Numerical Tables
Pictorial Charts
Sagittal–Frontal–Transverse– Rotation (SFTR) Method of Recording
American Medical Association Guides to Evaluation of Permanent Impairment Method
Procedures
Precautions to Range of Motion and Muscle Length
Preparation for Testing
Explanation of Procedure
Testing Procedure
Exercise 6 Explanation of Goniometric Testing Procedure
Exercise 7 Testing Procedure for Goniometric Measurement of Elbow Flexion ROM
Chapter 3
Validity and Reliability of Goniometric Measurement
Validity
Face Validity
Content Validity
Criterion-Related Validity
Construct Validity
Reliability
Summary of Goniometric Reliability Studies
Statistical Methods of Evaluating Measurement Reliability
Exercises to Evaluate Reliability
Exercise 8 Intratester Reliability
Exercise 9 Intertester Reliability
Exercise 10 Calculation of the Standard Error of Measurement and Minimal Detectable Change
Exercise 11 Calculation of the Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient, Standar dError of Measurement, and Minimal Detectable Change
PART II UPPER-EXTREMITYTESTING
Chapter 4 The Shoulder
Structure and Function
Shoulder Complex
Glenohumeral Joint
Sternoclavicular Joint
Acromioclavicular Joint
Scapulothoracic Joint
Range of Motion Testing Procedures
Landmarks for Testing Procedures
FLEXION
EXTENSION
ABDUCTION
ADDUCTION
MEDIAL (INTERNAL) ROTATION
LATERAL (EXTERNAL) ROTATION
Research Findings
Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors
Functional Range of Motion
Reliability and Validity
Chapter 5 The Elbow and Forearm
Structure and Function
Humeroulnar and Humeroradial Joints
Superior and Inferior Radioulnar Joints
RANGE OF MOTION TESTING PROCEDURES
Landmarks for Testing Procedures
ELBOW FLEXION
ELBOW EXTENSION
FOREARM PRONATION
FOREARM SUPINATION
MUSCLE LENGTH TESTING PROCEDURES
Landmarks for Testing Procedures
ELBOW FLEXORS
BICEPS BRACHII MUSCLE LENGTH TEST
ELBOW EXTENSORS
LONG HEAD OF THE TRICEPS BRACHIIMUSCLE LENGTH TEST
Research Findings
Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors
Functional Range of Motion
Reliability and Validity
Chapter 6 The Wrist
Structure and Function
Radiocarpal and Midcarpal Joints
RANGE OF MOTION TESTING PROCEDURES
Landmarks for Testing Procedures
WRIST FLEXION
WRIST EXTENSION
WRIST RADIAL DEVIATION
WRIST ULNAR DEVIATION
MUSCLE LENGTH TESTING PROCEDURES
Landmarks for Testing Procedures
WRIST FLEXORS
THE FLEXOR DIGITORUMPROFUNDUS AND FLEXORDIGITORUM SUPERFICIALISMUSCLE LENGTH TEST
WRIST EXTENSORS
THE EXTENSOR DIGITORUM,EXTENSOR INDICIS, AND EXTENSORDIGITI MINIMI MUSCLE LENGTH TEST
Research Findings
Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors
Functional Range of Motion
Reliability and Validity
Chapter 7 The Hand
Structure and Function
Fingers: Metacarpophalangeal Joints
Fingers: Proximal Interphalangeal and Distal Interphalangeal Joints
Thumb: Carpometacarpal Joint
Thumb: Metacarpophalangeal Joint
Thumb: Interphalangeal Joint
RANGE OF MOTION TESTING PROCEDURES: Fingers
Landmarks for Testing Procedures
FINGERS: METACARPOPHALANGEAL(MCP) FLEXION
FINGERS: METACARPOPHALANGEALEXTENSION
FINGERS: METACARPOPHALANGEALABDUCTION
FINGERS: METACARPOPHALANGEALADDUCTION
FINGERS: PROXIMALINTERPHALANGEAL FLEXION
FINGERS: PROXIMALINTERPHALANGEAL EXTENSION
FINGERS: DISTAL INTERPHALANGEALFLEXION
FINGERS: DISTAL INTERPHALANGEALEXTENSION
FINGERS: COMPOSITE FLEXION OFTHE MCP, PIP, AND DIP JOINTS
RANGE OF MOTION TESTING PROCEDURES: Thumb
Landmarks for Testing Procedures
THUMB: CARPOMETACARPAL FLEXION
THUMB: CARPOMETACARPAL EXTENSION
THUMB: CARPOMETACARPAL ABDUCTION
THUMB: CARPOMETACARPAL ADDUCTION
THUMB: CARPOMETACARPAL OPPOSITION
THUMB: METACARPOPHALANGEAL FLEXION
THUMB: METACARPOPHALANGEAL EXTENSION
THUMB: INTERPHALANGEAL FLEXION
THUMB: INTERPHALANGEAL EXTENSION
MUSCLE LENGTH TESTING PROCEDURES: Fingers
Landmarks for Testing Procedures
METACARPOPHALANGEAL FLEXORS
LUMBRICALS, PALMAR INTEROSSEI,AND DORSAL INTEROSSEI MUSCLE LENGTH TEST
Research Findings
Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors
Functional Range of Motion
Reliability and Validity
PART III LOWER-EXTREMITY TESTING
Chapter 8 The Hip
Structure and Function
Iliofemoral Joint
RANGE OF MOTION TESTING PROCEDURES
Landmarks for Testing Procedures
HIP FLEXION
HIP EXTENSION
HIP ABDUCTION
HIP ADDUCTION
HIP MEDIAL (INTERNAL) ROTATION
HIP LATERAL (EXTERNAL) ROTATION
MUSCLE LENGTH TESTING PROCEDURES
Landmarks for Testing Procedures
HIP FLEXORS
THOMAS TEST
HIP EXTENSORS
STRAIGHT LEG RAISING (SLR) TEST
HIP ABDUCTORS
OBER TEST
MODIFIED OBER TEST
Research Findings
Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors
Functional Range of Motion
Reliability and Validity of Hip Range of Motion Measurements
Reliability and Validity of Muscle Length Testing
Chapter 9 The Knee
Structure and Function
Tibiofemoral and Patellofemoral Joints
RANGE OF MOTION TESTING PROCEDURES
Landmarks for Testing Procedures
KNEE FLEXION
KNEE EXTENSION
KNEE ROTATION
MUSCLE LENGTH TESTING PROCEDURES
Landmarks for Testing Procedure
ELY TEST
KNEE FLEXORS
DISTAL HAMSTRING LENGTH TEST
Research Findings
Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors
Functional Range of Motion
Reliability and Validity of Range of Motion Measurement
Reliability and Validity of Muscle Length Testing
Chapter 10 The Ankle and Foot
Structure and Function
Proximal and Distal Tibiofibular Joints
Talocrural Joint
Subtalar Joint
Transverse Tarsal (Midtarsal) Joint
Tarsometatarsal Joints
Metatarsophalangeal Joints
Interphalangeal Joints
RANGE OF MOTION TESTING PROCEDURES
Landmark,s for Testing Procedures: Talocrural Joint
TALOCRURAL JOINT: DORSIFLEXION
TALOCRURAL JOINT:PLANTARFLEXION
TARSAL JOINTS: INVERSION
TARSAL JOINTS: EVERSION
Landmarks for Testing Procedures: Subtalar Joint (Rearfoot)
SUBTALAR JOINT (REARFOOT):INVERSION
TRANSVERSE TARSAL (MIDTARSAL)JOINT: INVERSION
TRANSVERSE TARSAL (MIDTARSAL)JOINT: EVERSION
Landmarks for Testing Procedures: Metatarsophalangeal and Interphalangeal Joints
METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINT:FLEXION
METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINT:EXTENSION
METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINT:ABDUCTION
METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINT:ADDUCTION
INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT OFTHE FIRST TOE AND PROXIMALINTERPHALANGEAL JOINTS OF THEFOUR LESSER TOES: FLEXION
INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT OFTHE FIRST TOE AND PROXIMALINTERPHALANGEAL JOINTS OF THEFOUR LESSER TOES: EXTENSION
DISTAL INTERPHALANGEAL JOINTSOF THE FOUR LESSER TOES: FLEXION
DISTAL INTERPHALANGEALJOINTS OF THE FOUR LESSER TOES:EXTENSION
MUSCLE LENGTH TESTING PROCEDURES
Landmarks for Testing Procedures
ANKLE PLANTARFLEXORS
GASTROCNEMIUS MUSCLE LENGTHTEST: SUPINE NON-WEIGHTBEARING
GASTROCNEMIUS MUSCLE LENGTHTEST: STANDING WEIGHT-BEARING
Research Findings
Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors
Functional Range of Motion
Reliability and Validity
PART IV TESTING OF THE SPINE ANDTEMPOROMANDIBULARJOINT
Chapter 11 The Cervical Spine
Structure and Function
Atlanto-Occipital and Atlantoaxial Joints
Intervertebral and Zygapophyseal (Facet) Joints
RANGE OF MOTION TESTING PROCEDURES
Landmarks for Testing Procedures
CERVICAL FLEXION:UNIVERSAL GONIOMETER
CERVICAL FLEXION: TAPE MEASURE
CERVICAL FLEXION:DOUBLE INCLINOMETERS
CERVICAL FLEXION:SINGLE INCLINOMETER
CERVICAL FLEXION: CERVICAL RANGEOF MOTION DEVICE
CERVICAL EXTENSION:UNIVERSAL GONIOMETER
CERVICAL EXTENSION:TAPE MEASURE
CERVICAL EXTENSION:DOUBLE INCLINOMETERS
CERVICAL EXTENSION:SINGLE INCLINOMETER
CERVICAL EXTENSION: CROM DEVICE
CERVICAL LATERAL FLEXION:UNIVERSAL GONIOMETER
CERVICAL LATERAL FLEXION:TAPE MEASURE
CERVICAL LATERAL FLEXION:DOUBLE INCLINOMETERS
CERVICAL LATERAL FLEXION:SINGLE INCLINOMETER
CERVICAL LATERAL FLEXION:CROM DEVICE
CERVICAL ROTATION:UNIVERSAL GONIOMETER
CERVICAL ROTATION: TAPE MEASURE
CERVICAL ROTATION:SINGLE INCLINOMETER
CERVICAL ROTATION: CROM DEVICE
Research Findings
Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors
Functional Range of Motion
Reliability and Validity
Chapter 12 The Thoracic and Lumbar Spine
Structure and Function
Thoracic Spine
Lumbar Spine
RANGE OF MOTION TESTING PROCEDURES
Landmarks for Testing Procedures
THORACOLUMBAR FLEXION
THORACOLUMBAR FLEXION:TAPE MEASURE
THORACOLUMBAR FLEXION:FINGERTIP-TO-FLOOR
THORACOLUMBAR FLEXION:DOUBLE INCLINOMETERS
THORACOLUMBAR EXTENSION
THORACOLUMBAR EXTENSION:TAPE MEASURE
THORACOLUMBAR EXTENSION:PRONE PUSH-UP
THORACOLUMBAR EXTENSION:DOUBLE INCLINOMETERS
THORACOLUMBAR LATERAL FLEXION
THORACOLUMBAR LATERALFLEXION: UNIVERSAL GONIOMETER
THORACOLUMBAR LATERALFLEXION: FINGERTIP-TO-FLOOR
THORACOLUMBAR LATERAL FLEXON:FINGERTIP-TO-THIGH
THORACOLUMBAR LATERALFLEXION: DOUBLE INCLINOMETERS
THORACOLUMBAR ROTATION
THORACOLUMBAR ROTATION:UNIVERSAL GONIOMETER
THORACOLUMBAR ROTATION:DOUBLE INCLINOMETERS
LUMBAR FLEXION
LUMBAR FLEXION: MODIFIEDMODIFIEDSCHOBER TEST (MMST)OR SIMPLIFIED SKIN DISTRACTIONTEST
LUMBAR FLEXION:DOUBLE INCLINOMETERS
LUMBAR FLEXION:SINGLE INCLINOMETER
LUMBAR EXTENSION
LUMBAR EXTENSION: MODIFIEDMODIFIEDSCHOBER TEST ORSIMPLIFIED SKIN ATTRACTION TEST
LUMBAR EXTENSION:DOUBLE INCLINOMETERS
LUMBAR EXTENSION:SINGLE INCLINOMETER
LUMBAR LATERAL FLEXION
LUMBAR LATERAL FLEXION:DOUBLE INCLINOMETERS
LUMBAR LATERAL FLEXION:SINGLE INCLINOMETER
Research Findings
Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors
Functional Range of Motion
Reliability and Validity
Chapter 13 The Temporomandibular Joint
Structure and Function
Temporomandibular Joint
RANGE OF MOTION TESTING PROCEDURES
Landmarks for Testing Procedures
OVERBITE
PROTRUSION OF THE MANDIBLE
LATERAL EXCURSION OF THEMANDIBLE
Research Findings
Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors
Reliability and Validity
APPENDIXES
Appendix A NORMATIVE RANGEOF MOTION VALUES
Appendix B
SUMMARY GUIDES FORMEASURING RANGEOF MOTION
Appendix C JOINT MEASUREMENTS BY BODY POSITION
Appendix D
NUMERICAL RECORDING FORMS
Index
