Download Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy, and Prognosis: Ovarian Cancer, Renal Cancer, Urogenitary tract Cancer, Urinary Bladder Cancer, Cervical Uterine Cancer, Skin Cancer, Leukemia, Multiple Myeloma and Sarcoma PDF

Table of Contents

                            189088_1_En_FM1_Chapter_OnlinePDF_O.pdf
189088_1_En_1_Chapter_OnlinePDF_O.pdf
	Identification of Biomarkers for Clear Cell Ovarian Adenocarcinoma
		Introduction
		Genetic Alterations in Clear Cell Ovarian Cancer
		Clear Cell Ovarian Cancer Has Distinct Transcription Profiles
		Differential Gene Expression in Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma of Different Organs
		References
189088_1_En_2_Chapter_OnlinePDF_O.pdf
	Ovarian Carcinoma: Diagnostic Immunohistochemistry of MUCIN4 (MUC4)
		Introduction
		Histopathology of Ovarian Cancer
		Stages and Prognosis of Ovarian Cancer
		Biomarkers and Screening of Ovarian Cancer
		Aberrant Mucin Expression in Ovarian Cancer: A Novel Class of Biomarkers
			MUCIN4: Structure and Biology
			MUCIN4 in Ovarian Cancer
		Methodology for MUCIN4 Immunohistochemistry
			Tissue Sectioning
			Immunolabeling
			Assessment of MUCIN4 Staining
		References
189088_1_En_3_Chapter_OnlinePDF_O.pdf
	Distinguishing Benign from Malignant Complex Adnexal Masses in Ovarian Cancer: Two-Dimensional Power-Doppler Imaging
		Introduction
		Patients and Methods
		Results
		Discussion
		References
189088_1_En_4_Chapter_OnlinePDF_O.pdf
	Subgroups of Ovarian Carinoma: Identification Using Differential Gene Expression
		Introduction
		Ovarian Cancer Heterogeneity
		Selection of Samples for Gene Microarray Analysis
		Contamination of Gene Expression Profiles by Other Cells in Tissues
		Number of Samples to Analyze for Gene Profiling
		Tissue Processing Protocols
		Importance of Pathological Quality Control
		Clinical Correlations
		Gene Microarray Platforms
		RNA Isolation for Generating Gene Expression Data
		Analysis of Gene Microarray Data
		Need for Secondary Validation of Data
		Goals for Gene Microarray Analysis
		Gene Expression Analysis Used to Determine Ovarian Cancer Subgroups
		Gene Expression Analysis Used to Compare Different Stages or Grades of Ovarian Cancer
		Gene Expression Profiles Based on Metastasis
		Correlation of Gene Expression Profiles to Chemotherapeutic Response
		Correlation of Gene Expression Profiles to Surgical Debulking
		Correlation of Gene Expression Profiles to Patients’ Survival
		Summary
		References
189088_1_En_5_Chapter_OnlinePDF_O.pdf
	Sertoliform Endometrioid Carcinoma of the Ovary: Diagnosis and Prognosis
		Introduction
		Diagnosis
			Clinical Features
			Gross Findings
			Microscopic Findings
		Differential Diagnosis
		Immunohistochemistry
			Cytokeratins
			Epithelial Membrane Antigen
			Inhibin
			Calretinin
			Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule (N-CAM/CD56)
			Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors
			Other Makers
		Prognosis
		References
189088_1_En_6_Chapter_OnlinePDF_O.pdf
	6
		Role of MUC16 (CA125) in the Pathogenesis of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
			Introduction
				CA125 and MUC16
				MUC16 in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
			Mesothelin and MUC16 Binding: A Model for Metastasis
				Mesothelin
				Mesothelin and MUC16 Binding
				Kinetics of Mesothelin–MUC16 Binding
				Mesothelin Binds to N-Linked Oligosaccharides Present on MUC16
			MUC16 Binding to Natural Killer Cells: Immunosuppressive Effects
				A Phenotypic Shift
				NK Cell Differentiation
				Tumor Cell Layers of Protection
		References
189088_1_En_7_Chapter_OnlinePDF_O.pdf
	7
		Clear Cell Carcinoma of the Ovary: Prognosis Using Cytoreductive Surgery
			Introduction
			Clinical Characteristics
				Presentation at Early Stages and Association with Endometriosis
			Molecular Characteristics
			Clinical Outcome
				Resistance to Platinum-Based Chemotherapy
				Retroperitoneal Involvement
				Prognosis After Cytoreductive Surgery
		References
189088_1_En_8_Chapter_OnlinePDF_O.pdf
	Advanced Ovarian Cancer: Prediction of Surgical Outcomes Using Computed Tomography
		Introduction
		Value of Cytoreduction
			Ability of Computed Tomography to Predict Optimal Cytoreduction
		Other Techniques for Predicting Surgical Outcomes
		Conclusion
		References
189088_1_En_9_Chapter_OnlinePDF_O.pdf
	9
		Renal Cell Carcinoma: Follow-Up with Magnetic Resonance Imaging After Percutaneous Radiofrequency Ablation
			Introduction
			Involution of the Radiofrequency Induced Thermal Ablation Zone
			Magnetic Resonance Signal Characteristics of Radiofrequency Induced Thermal Ablation Zones
			Residual or Recurrent Tumor
		References
189088_1_En_10_Chapter_OnlinePDF_O.pdf
	10
		Metastatic Kidney Cancer: Treatment with Infusional Interleukin-2 Plus Famotidine
			Introduction
			Patients and Methods
			Results
			Discussion
		References
189088_1_En_11_Chapter_OnlinePDF_O.pdf
	11
		Renal Cell Carcinoma: Preoperative Treatment with Cytokines Followed by Surgery
			Introduction
			Cytokines for Immunomodulation
				Interleukin-2 (IL-2)
				Interferon-a (IFN-a)
			Methodological Aspects of Perioperative Immunomonitoring
				Flow Cytometry
				Methods
				Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
			Perioperative Immunomodulation with Interleukin-2
			Perioperative Immunomodulation with Interferon-Alpha
			Other Agents
			Conclusions and Future Directions
		References
189088_1_En_12_Chapter_OnlinePDF_O.pdf
	12
		Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: Use of Bcl-2 and Fas to Predict Responses to Immunotherapy
			Introduction
			Apoptotic Machinery and Tumor Cells
			Fas-Driven Apoptosis and Bcl-2 in Renal Cell Cancer Cells
			Bcl-2 or Fas and Prognosis of Renal Cell Cancer Patients
			Absence of Bcl-2 and Fas/CD95/Apo-1 Predicts the Response to Immunotherapy in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma
				Clinical Course of the Patients
				Expression of Bcl-2
				Expression of Fas
			Detection of Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis
			Conclusion
		References
	13
	Wilms Tumor: Prognosis Using Microvessel Density
		Introduction
		Prognostic Factors in Wilms Tumor
		Angiogenesis
			Quantification Methods
			Angiogenesis and Wilms Tumor
		References
189088_1_En_14_Chapter_OnlinePDF_O.pdf
	Adenomatoid Tumor of the Adrenal Gland: Differential Diagnosis Using Immunohistochemistry
		Introduction
		General Features
		Histology and Differential Diagnosis
		Immunophenotype
		References
189088_1_En_15_Chapter_OnlinePDF_O.pdf
	Testicular Cancer: Post-Chemotherapy Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection
		Introduction
		Indications for Pc-Rplnd
		Preoperative Considerations
		Technical Considerations
		Treatment-Related Outcomes
		Potential Complications
		Postoperative Follow-Up
		Conclusions
		References
189088_1_En_16_Chapter_OnlinePDF_O.pdf
	Survivors of Germ-Cell Testicular Cancer: Increased Risk of Second Primary Tumors
		Introduction
		Methods to Investigate Second Primary Cancers
			Cohort Studies
			Nested Case-Control Studies
			Methodological Limitations
		Second Primary Cancers Among Survivors of Testicular Cancer
			All Testicular Cancers
			Seminomas and Nonseminomas
			Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy
		References
189088_1_En_17_Chapter_OnlinePDF_O.pdf
	17
		Urothelial Bladder Cancer: Screening with Urine-Based Tumor Markers
			Rationale
			Previous Screening Programs
			Screening in People with Occupational Exposure
			Hematuria Screening
			Urine-Based Tumor Markers
			Methodological Aspects of Marker Evaluation
			Specific Urine-Based Tumor Markers
			Bladder Tumor Associated Antigen Test
			Nuclear Matrix Protein-22
			Urovysion
			ImmunoCyt/uCyt
			Cost-Effectiveness
			Biases and Pitfalls in Bladder Cancer Screening
			Future Considerations
			Conclusions
		References
189088_1_En_18_Chapter_OnlinePDF_O.pdf
	Detection of OCT-4 in Bladder Cancer: Role of Cancer Stem Cell
		Introduction
		Materials
		Methods
			Human Clinical Samples
			Total RNA Extraction
			Analyzing the Quality of Extracted Total RNA
			Determining the Concentration of Extracted RNA
			Semi-Quantitative Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR)
				Reverse Transcription
				PCR
			Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
		Western Blotting
			Total Protein Extraction
			Quantification of the Concentration of Extracted Protein
		SDS-PAGE
			Transfer
			Blotting
			Stripping and Reprobing the Membrane
			Immunohistochemistry
			Statistical Analyses
		Results
			Expression of OCT-4 in Tumor and Non-Tumor Tissues of Human Bladder
			Tissue Distribution and Intracellular Localization of OCT-4 Protein in Bladder Tumors
		Discussion
		References
189088_1_En_19_Chapter_OnlinePDF_O.pdf
	19
		Uterine Cervical Glandular Lesions: Differentiation Using Immunohistochemistry of Mucins
			Introduction
			Materials
				Solvents, Media, and Solutions
				Other Materials and Equipment
			Methods
				Sectioning of Tissues and Slide Preparation
				Antigen Retrieval
				Delineating Tissue Sections
				Inactivation of Endogenous Peroxidase
				Blocking Non-specific Binding of Proteins
				Primary Antibody Step
				Amplification of Primary Antibody
				Develop Color with Peroxidase Substrate
				Counterstaining
				Mounting the Tissue Specimens
			Results
			Discussion
		References
189088_1_En_20_Chapter_OnlinePDF_O.pdf
	Uterine Cervical Carcinoma: Preoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Staging
		Introduction
		Normal Anatomy of Uterine Cervix
		General Consideration of Uterine Cervical Cancer
		Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technique for Uterine Cervical Cancer
			Magnetic Resonance Findings of Uterine Cervical Cancer
			Magnetic Resonance Staging of Uterine Cervical Cancer
		Pelvic Computed Tomography Versus Magnetic Resonance
			Evaluation of Pelvic Lymph Nodes
		References
189088_1_En_21_Chapter_OnlinePDF_O.pdf
	Cancer Imaging and Intracavitary Brachytherapy for Cervical Cancer
		Introduction
		Intracavitary Brachytherapy for Cervical Cancer
			Applicator Insertion
			Dose Specification
		Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Cervical Cancer Brachytherapy
		Image-Based Brachytherapy
		References
189088_1_En_22_Chapter_OnlinePDF_O.pdf
	Cervical Cancer: Methods for Assessing the Quality of Life
		Concept of Quality of Life
		Selecting Appropriate Quality of Life Measurements
			First Step: Questions to Be Asked When Selecting a Quality of Life Instrument
			Second Step: Introducing a Quality of Life Instrument in Clinical Practice
		Psychometric Properties of a Quality of Life Instrument
			Reliability
			Validity
			Responsiveness to Change
		Types of Qualty of Life Measurments
		Development and Cross-Cultural Validation of Quality of Life Instruments
		EORTC Modular Approach to Quality of Life Assessment
		Development of the Cervical Cancer Module (EORTC QLQ-CX24)
			Phase I: Generation of QoL Issues
			Phase II: Construction of Items and Translation
			Phase III: Pretesting
			Phase IV: Testing the Psychometric Properties
		References
189088_1_En_23_Chapter_OnlinePDF_O.pdf
	Cervical Cancer: Positron Emission Tomography and Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography
		Introduction
			Background and Staging
			Directing Therapy
			Prognosis
			Posttherapy Monitoring
		References
189088_1_En_24_Chapter_OnlinePDF_O.pdf
	Endometrial Cancer: Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase as a Prognostic Indicator
		Introduction
		Materials and Methods
			Antibodies
			Patients
			Immunohistochemical Staining
			Evaluation of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Expression
			Statistical Analysis
		Results
			Immunohistochemical Expression of IDO in Endometrial Cancer Tissues
			Association of IDO Expression with the Patient Survival
			Multivariate Analysis of Prognostic Variables in Endometrial Cancer Patients
		Discussion
		References
189088_1_En_25_Chapter_OnlinePDF_O.pdf
	25
		Neurofibromatosis Type 1-Associated Malignant Melanoma: Molecular Evidence of Inactivation of the NF1 Gene
			Introduction
			Methodology
				Definition of Cancer Genes
				Identification of Genes Implicated in Oncogenesis
			Role of NF1 Gene Mutations in NF1-Associated Melanoma
				Melanoma Incidence in NF1
				Biologic Role of Neurofibromin in Melanocytes
				Mutations of the NF1 Gene in NF1-Associated Malignant Melanoma
				Inactivation of the NF1 Gene in NF1-Associated Malignant Melanoma
			Conclusion
		References
189088_1_En_26_Chapter_OnlinePDF_O.pdf
	Malignant Melanoma: Localisation and Characterization Using Fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography
		Introduction and Clinical Background
		Potential Indications of Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography Imaging in the Management of Malignant Melanoma
		Detection of Locoregional Lymph Node Invasion
		Detection of Distant Metastases
		Pitfalls and Additional Value of Integrated PET/CT Imaging
		Role of FDG-PET in Monitoring Response to Therapy
		Role of FDG-PET in Patient Management
		Alternative Tracers for Diagnosing MM and Monitoring Therapy Response
		References
189088_1_En_27_Chapter_OnlinePDF_O.pdf
	Malignant Melanoma Versus Deep Penetrating Nevus: Diagnostic and Prognostic Immunohistochemistry of Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV (
		Introduction
		The Deep Penetrating Nevus as a Model of Paradoxical Melanocytic Invasion
		Common Melanoma Markers Fail to Separate Between Melanocytic Invasion and True Melanocytic Malignancy
		Immunostaining of Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Discriminates Metastatic Malignant Melanoma from Deep Penetrating Nevus – Applicatio
			Tissue Sample Collection and Immunohistochemistry
			Immunohistochemical Evaluation
		Discussion and Biologic Background
		References
189088_1_En_28_Chapter_OnlinePDF_O.pdf
	Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer: Use of Epha1 Receptor as a Prognostic Marker
		The Eph/Ephrin Family
		Eph/Ephrin Expression in Adult Human Tissues
		Eph/Ephrin Expression in Human Skin
		Epha1 and Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer
		References
189088_1_En_29_Chapter_OnlinePDF_O.pdf
	Pretreated Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Use of Alemtuzumab
		Introduction
		Evolution of Treatments for Chronic Lypmpho­cytic Leukemia
		Alemtuzumab as Monotherapy in Pretreated Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
		Combination Therapy
		Consolidation Therapy with Alemtuzumab
		References
189088_1_En_30_Chapter_OnlinePDF_O.pdf
	Immunotherapeutic Strategies, Radiotherapy, and Targeted Radionuclide Therapy Approaches for the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma
		Introduction
		Therapeutic Strategies in Multiple Myeloma
			Immunotherapy
				Monoclonal Antibodies
				Anti-IL-6 Therapy
				Strategies for Targeting IGF-1
				Immunotoxins and Immunoconjugates
				Radioimmunoconjugates
				Myeloma Vaccines
				Growth Factors
				Manipulation of Immune Cells (Cell Therapy)
				Thalidomide and Immunomodulatory Drugs
			Radiotherapy
			Targeted Radiotherapy
				Bone Seeking Radiopharmaceuticals
				Skeletal Targeted Radiotherapy
		Conclusion and Perspectives
		References
189088_1_En_31_Chapter_OnlinePDF_O.pdf
	Low Grade Fibromyxoid Sarcoma: Diagnosis by Detecting FUS-CREB3L2 Fusion Gene Using Reverse Transcription–Polymerase Chain Reac
		Introduction
		Detection of the FUS-CREB3l2 Fusion Transcripts Using Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Tumor Tissue
			Primers
			RNA Extraction
			RT-PCR
			Sequence Analysis
		Results
		Evaluation of the RT-PCR Results
		References
189088_1_En_32_Chapter_OnlinePDF_O.pdf
	Synovial Sarcoma: Role of TLE1 as a Diagnostic Immunohistochemical Marker
		Introduction
		Materials
		Methods
			Manual Immunostaining
			Automated Immunostaining
			Interpretation of TLE Staining
		Results and Discussion
		References
189088_1_En_33_Chapter_OnlinePDF_O.pdf
	33
		The Immunohistochemistry of Kaposi’s Sarcoma
			Introduction
			Materials
			Methods
			Interpretation
			Histogenesis
			Pathogenesis
				HHV8 Infection
				Angiogenesis
				Chemokines
				Apoptosis
			Diagnosis
			Therapy
			Conclusion
		References
189088_1_En_34_Chapter_OnlinePDF_O.pdf
	34
		Synovial Sarcoma: Role of Immunohistochemistry and Molecular Genetics in Diagnosis and Prognosis
			Introduction
			Diagnosis
				Histology
				Ultrastructure
				Immunohistochemistry
				Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics
			Prognostic Markers for Synovial Sarcoma
189088_1_En_35_Chapter_OnlinePDF_O.pdf
	Sarcoma: Treatment with Ecteinascidin-743
		Introduction
		Mechanisms of Action and Resistance
			Binding to DNA
			Inhibition of Transcription Factors
			Inhibition of DNA Repair Machinery
			Other Effects
		Metabolism and Toxicity of ET-743
		Clinical Activity of ET-743 in Patients with Sarcoma
		ET-743 in Combination with Other Drugs
		References
189088_1_En_BM1_Chapter_OnlinePDF_O.pdf
	13
	Wilms Tumor: Prognosis Using Microvessel Density
		Introduction
		Prognostic Factors in Wilms Tumor
		Angiogenesis
			Quantification Methods
			Angiogenesis and Wilms Tumor
		References